test of strtonumber adapted to from_chars conversion

cmake/modules/AddQuadMathFlags.cmake

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ function(add_dune_quadmath_flags _targets)
       if(${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID} STREQUAL GNU)
         set_property(TARGET ${_target}
           APPEND_STRING
-          PROPERTY COMPILE_FLAGS "-fext-numeric-literals ")
+          PROPERTY COMPILE_FLAGS "-fext-numeric-literals -Wno-pedantic ")
       endif()
     endforeach(_target ${_targets})
   endif(QUADMATH_FOUND)

cmake/modules/DuneCommonExtensionsMacros.cmake

 # File for module specific CMake tests.
+
+include(AddQuadMathFlags)
+find_package(QuadMath)
\ No newline at end of file

cmake/modules/FindQuadMath.cmake

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ set(HAVE_QUADMATH ${QUADMATH_FOUND})
 
 # -fext-numeric-literals is a GCC extension not available in other compilers like clang
 if(${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID} STREQUAL GNU)
-  set(_QUADMATH_EXT_NUMERIC_LITERALS "-fext-numeric-literals")
+  set(_QUADMATH_EXT_NUMERIC_LITERALS "-fext-numeric-literals" "-Wno-pedantic")
 endif()
 
 # register all QuadMath related flags

config.h.cmake

@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@
    overwritten
 */
 
+/* Define if you have the GCC Quad-Precision library. The value should be ENABLE_QUADMATH
+   to facilitate activating and deactivating QuadMath using compile flags. */
+#cmakedefine HAVE_QUADMATH ENABLE_QUADMATH
+
 /* begin private */
 /* Name of package */
 #define PACKAGE "@DUNE_MOD_NAME@"

dune/common/concurrentcache.hh

@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ namespace Dune
     mutable container_type cachedData_;
   };
 
+
   // implementation of the ThreadLocal policy. Data is stored in thread_local variable.
   template <class Container>
   struct ThreadLocalPolicy

dune/common/float_cmp.cc

+// -*- tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*-
+// vi: set et ts=4 sw=2 sts=2:
+#include "float_cmp.hh"
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <limits>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
+
+namespace Dune {
+
+
+  namespace FloatCmp {
+    // traits
+    //! Mapping of value type to epsilon type
+    /**
+     * @ingroup FloatCmp
+     * @tparam T The value type
+     */
+    template<class T> struct EpsilonType {
+      //! The epsilon type corresponding to value type T
+      typedef T Type;
+    };
+    //! Specialization of EpsilonType for std::vector
+    /**
+     * @ingroup FloatCmp
+     * @tparam T The value_type of the std::vector
+     * @tparam A The Allocator of the std::vector
+     */
+    template<class T, typename A>
+    struct EpsilonType<std::vector<T, A> > {
+      //! The epsilon type corresponding to value type std::vector<T, A>
+      typedef typename EpsilonType<T>::Type Type;
+    };
+    //! Specialization of EpsilonType for Dune::FieldVector
+    /**
+     * @ingroup FloatCmp
+     * @tparam T The field_type of the Dune::FieldVector
+     * @tparam n The size of the Dune::FieldVector
+     */
+    template<class T, int n>
+    struct EpsilonType<FieldVector<T, n> > {
+      //! The epsilon type corresponding to value type Dune::FieldVector<T, n>
+      typedef typename EpsilonType<T>::Type Type;
+    };
+
+    // default epsilon
+    template<class T>
+    struct DefaultEpsilon<T, relativeWeak> {
+      static typename EpsilonType<T>::Type value()
+      { return std::numeric_limits<typename EpsilonType<T>::Type>::epsilon()*8.; }
+    };
+    template<class T>
+    struct DefaultEpsilon<T, relativeStrong> {
+      static typename EpsilonType<T>::Type value()
+      { return std::numeric_limits<typename EpsilonType<T>::Type>::epsilon()*8.; }
+    };
+    template<class T>
+    struct DefaultEpsilon<T, absolute> {
+      static typename EpsilonType<T>::Type value()
+      { return std::max(std::numeric_limits<typename EpsilonType<T>::Type>::epsilon(), 1e-6); }
+    };
+
+    namespace Impl {
+      // basic comparison
+      template<class T, CmpStyle style = defaultCmpStyle>
+      struct eq_t;
+      template<class T>
+      struct eq_t<T, relativeWeak> {
+        static bool eq(const T &first,
+                       const T &second,
+                       typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T>::value())
+        {
+          using std::abs;
+          return abs(first - second) <= epsilon*std::max(abs(first), abs(second));
+        }
+      };
+      template<class T>
+      struct eq_t<T, relativeStrong> {
+        static bool eq(const T &first,
+                       const T &second,
+                       typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T>::value())
+        {
+          using std::abs;
+          return abs(first - second) <= epsilon*std::min(abs(first), abs(second));
+        }
+      };
+      template<class T>
+      struct eq_t<T, absolute> {
+        static bool eq(const T &first,
+                       const T &second,
+                       typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T>::value())
+        {
+          using std::abs;
+          return abs(first-second) <= epsilon;
+        }
+      };
+      template<class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct eq_t_std_vec {
+        typedef std::vector<T> V;
+        static bool eq(const V &first,
+                       const V &second,
+                       typename EpsilonType<V>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<V>::value()) {
+          auto size = first.size();
+          if(size != second.size()) return false;
+          for(unsigned int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+            if(!eq_t<T, cstyle>::eq(first[i], second[i], epsilon))
+              return false;
+          return true;
+        }
+      };
+      template< class T>
+      struct eq_t<std::vector<T>, relativeWeak> : eq_t_std_vec<T, relativeWeak> {};
+      template< class T>
+      struct eq_t<std::vector<T>, relativeStrong> : eq_t_std_vec<T, relativeStrong> {};
+      template< class T>
+      struct eq_t<std::vector<T>, absolute> : eq_t_std_vec<T, absolute> {};
+
+      template<class T, int n, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct eq_t_fvec {
+        typedef Dune::FieldVector<T, n> V;
+        static bool eq(const V &first,
+                       const V &second,
+                       typename EpsilonType<V>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<V>::value()) {
+          for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+            if(!eq_t<T, cstyle>::eq(first[i], second[i], epsilon))
+              return false;
+          return true;
+        }
+      };
+      template< class T, int n >
+      struct eq_t< Dune::FieldVector<T, n>, relativeWeak> : eq_t_fvec<T, n, relativeWeak> {};
+      template< class T, int n >
+      struct eq_t< Dune::FieldVector<T, n>, relativeStrong> : eq_t_fvec<T, n, relativeStrong> {};
+      template< class T, int n >
+      struct eq_t< Dune::FieldVector<T, n>, absolute> : eq_t_fvec<T, n, absolute> {};
+    } // namespace Impl
+
+    // operations in functional style
+    template <class T, CmpStyle style>
+    bool eq(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon)
+    {
+      return Impl::eq_t<T, style>::eq(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T, CmpStyle style>
+    bool ne(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon)
+    {
+      return !eq<T, style>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T, CmpStyle style>
+    bool gt(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon)
+    {
+      return first > second && ne<T, style>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T, CmpStyle style>
+    bool lt(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon)
+    {
+      return first < second && ne<T, style>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T, CmpStyle style>
+    bool ge(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon)
+    {
+      return first > second || eq<T, style>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T, CmpStyle style>
+    bool le(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon)
+    {
+      return first < second || eq<T, style>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+
+    // default template arguments
+    template <class T>
+    bool eq(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return eq<T, defaultCmpStyle>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T>
+    bool ne(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return ne<T, defaultCmpStyle>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T>
+    bool gt(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return gt<T, defaultCmpStyle>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T>
+    bool lt(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return lt<T, defaultCmpStyle>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T>
+    bool ge(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return ge<T, defaultCmpStyle>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+    template <class T>
+    bool le(const T &first,
+            const T &second,
+            typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return le<T, defaultCmpStyle>(first, second, epsilon);
+    }
+
+    // rounding operations
+    namespace Impl {
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle = defaultCmpStyle, RoundingStyle rstyle = defaultRoundingStyle>
+      struct round_t;
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct round_t<I, T, cstyle, downward> {
+        static I
+        round(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          // first get an approximation
+          I lower = I(val);
+          I upper;
+          if(eq<T, cstyle>(T(lower), val, epsilon)) return lower;
+          if(T(lower) > val) { upper = lower; lower--; }
+          else upper = lower+1;
+          if(le<T, cstyle>(val - T(lower), T(upper) - val, epsilon))
+            return lower;
+          else return upper;
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct round_t<I, T, cstyle, upward> {
+        static I
+        round(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          // first get an approximation
+          I lower = I(val);
+          I upper;
+          if(eq<T, cstyle>(T(lower), val, epsilon)) return lower;
+          if(T(lower) > val) { upper = lower; lower--; }
+          else upper = lower+1;
+          if(lt<T, cstyle>(val - T(lower), T(upper) - val, epsilon))
+            return lower;
+          else return upper;
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct round_t<I, T, cstyle, towardZero> {
+        static I
+        round(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          if(val > T(0))
+            return round_t<I, T, cstyle, downward>::round(val, epsilon);
+          else return round_t<I, T, cstyle, upward>::round(val, epsilon);
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct round_t<I, T, cstyle, towardInf> {
+        static I
+        round(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          if(val > T(0))
+            return round_t<I, T, cstyle, upward>::round(val, epsilon);
+          else return round_t<I, T, cstyle, downward>::round(val, epsilon);
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle, RoundingStyle rstyle>
+      struct round_t<std::vector<I>, std::vector<T>, cstyle, rstyle> {
+        static std::vector<I>
+        round(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          unsigned int size = val.size();
+          std::vector<I> res(size);
+          for(unsigned int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+            res[i] = round_t<I, T, cstyle, rstyle>::round(val[i], epsilon);
+          return res;
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, int n, CmpStyle cstyle, RoundingStyle rstyle>
+      struct round_t<Dune::FieldVector<I, n>, Dune::FieldVector<T, n>, cstyle, rstyle> {
+        static Dune::FieldVector<I, n>
+        round(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          Dune::FieldVector<I, n> res;
+          for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+            res[i] = round_t<I, T, cstyle, rstyle>::round(val[i], epsilon);
+          return res;
+        }
+      };
+    } // end namespace Impl
+    template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle, RoundingStyle rstyle>
+    I round(const T &val, typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon /*= DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value()*/)
+    {
+      return Impl::round_t<I, T, cstyle, rstyle>::round(val, epsilon);
+    }
+    template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+    I round(const T &val, typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())
+    {
+      return round<I, T, cstyle, defaultRoundingStyle>(val, epsilon);
+    }
+    template<class I, class T, RoundingStyle rstyle>
+    I round(const T &val, typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return round<I, T, defaultCmpStyle, rstyle>(val, epsilon);
+    }
+    template<class I, class T>
+    I round(const T &val, typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return round<I, T, defaultCmpStyle>(val, epsilon);
+    }
+
+    // truncation
+    namespace Impl {
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle = defaultCmpStyle, RoundingStyle rstyle = defaultRoundingStyle>
+      struct trunc_t;
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, downward> {
+        static I
+        trunc(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          // this should be optimized away unless needed
+          if(!std::numeric_limits<I>::is_signed)
+            // make sure this works for all useful cases even if I is an unsigned type
+            if(eq<T, cstyle>(val, T(0), epsilon)) return I(0);
+          // first get an approximation
+          I lower = I(val); // now |val-lower| < 1
+          // make sure we're really lower in case the cast truncated to an unexpected direction
+          if(T(lower) > val) lower--; // now val-lower < 1
+          // check whether lower + 1 is approximately val
+          if(eq<T, cstyle>(T(lower+1), val, epsilon))
+            return lower+1;
+          else return lower;
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, upward> {
+        static I
+        trunc(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          I upper = trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, downward>::trunc(val, epsilon);
+          if(ne<T, cstyle>(T(upper), val, epsilon)) ++upper;
+          return upper;
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, towardZero> {
+        static I
+        trunc(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          if(val > T(0)) return trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, downward>::trunc(val, epsilon);
+          else return trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, upward>::trunc(val, epsilon);
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+      struct trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, towardInf> {
+        static I
+        trunc(const T &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          if(val > T(0)) return trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, upward>::trunc(val, epsilon);
+          else return trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, downward>::trunc(val, epsilon);
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle, RoundingStyle rstyle>
+      struct trunc_t<std::vector<I>, std::vector<T>, cstyle, rstyle> {
+        static std::vector<I>
+        trunc(const std::vector<T> &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          unsigned int size = val.size();
+          std::vector<I> res(size);
+          for(unsigned int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+            res[i] = trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, rstyle>::trunc(val[i], epsilon);
+          return res;
+        }
+      };
+      template<class I, class T, int n, CmpStyle cstyle, RoundingStyle rstyle>
+      struct trunc_t<Dune::FieldVector<I, n>, Dune::FieldVector<T, n>, cstyle, rstyle> {
+        static Dune::FieldVector<I, n>
+        trunc(const Dune::FieldVector<T, n> &val,
+              typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = (DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())) {
+          Dune::FieldVector<I, n> res;
+          for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+            res[i] = trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, rstyle>::trunc(val[i], epsilon);
+          return res;
+        }
+      };
+    } // namespace Impl
+    template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle, RoundingStyle rstyle>
+    I trunc(const T &val, typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon /*= DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value()*/)
+    {
+      return Impl::trunc_t<I, T, cstyle, rstyle>::trunc(val, epsilon);
+    }
+    template<class I, class T, CmpStyle cstyle>
+    I trunc(const T &val, typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, cstyle>::value())
+    {
+      return trunc<I, T, cstyle, defaultRoundingStyle>(val, epsilon);
+    }
+    template<class I, class T, RoundingStyle rstyle>
+    I trunc(const T &val, typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return trunc<I, T, defaultCmpStyle, rstyle>(val, epsilon);
+    }
+    template<class I, class T>
+    I trunc(const T &val, typename EpsilonType<T>::Type epsilon = DefaultEpsilon<T, defaultCmpStyle>::value())
+    {
+      return trunc<I, T, defaultCmpStyle>(val, epsilon);
+    }
+  } //namespace Dune
+
+  // oo interface
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::
+  FloatCmpOps(EpsilonType epsilon) : epsilon_(epsilon) {}
+
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  typename FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::EpsilonType
+  FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::epsilon() const
+  {
+    return epsilon_;
+  }
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  void
+  FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::epsilon(EpsilonType epsilon__)
+  {
+    epsilon_ = epsilon__;
+  }
+
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  bool FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::
+  eq(const ValueType &first, const ValueType &second) const
+  {
+    return Dune::FloatCmp::eq<ValueType, cstyle>(first, second, epsilon_);
+  }
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  bool FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::
+  ne(const ValueType &first, const ValueType &second) const
+  {
+    return Dune::FloatCmp::ne<ValueType, cstyle>(first, second, epsilon_);
+  }
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  bool FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::
+  gt(const ValueType &first, const ValueType &second) const
+  {
+    return Dune::FloatCmp::gt<ValueType, cstyle>(first, second, epsilon_);
+  }
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  bool FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::
+  lt(const ValueType &first, const ValueType &second) const
+  {
+    return Dune::FloatCmp::lt<ValueType, cstyle>(first, second, epsilon_);
+  }
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  bool FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::
+  ge(const ValueType &first, const ValueType &second) const
+  {
+    return Dune::FloatCmp::ge<ValueType, cstyle>(first, second, epsilon_);
+  }
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  bool FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::
+  le(const ValueType &first, const ValueType &second) const
+  {
+    return Dune::FloatCmp::le<ValueType, cstyle>(first, second, epsilon_);
+  }
+
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  template<class I>
+  I FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::
+  round(const ValueType &val) const
+  {
+    return Dune::FloatCmp::round<I, ValueType, cstyle, rstyle_>(val, epsilon_);
+  }
+
+  template<class T, FloatCmp::CmpStyle cstyle_, FloatCmp::RoundingStyle rstyle_>
+  template<class I>
+  I FloatCmpOps<T, cstyle_, rstyle_>::
+  trunc(const ValueType &val) const
+  {
+    return Dune::FloatCmp::trunc<I, ValueType, cstyle, rstyle_>(val, epsilon_);
+  }
+
+} //namespace Dune

dune/common/float_cmp.hh

+// -*- tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*-
+// vi: set et ts=4 sw=2 sts=2:
+#ifndef DUNE_COMMON_FLOAT_CMP_HH
+#define DUNE_COMMON_FLOAT_CMP_HH
+
+/** \file
+ * \brief Various ways to compare floating-point numbers
+ */
+
+/**
+   @addtogroup FloatCmp
+
+   @section How_to_compare How to compare floats
+
+   When comparing floating point numbers for equality, one often faces the
+   problem that floating point operations are not always exact.  For example on
+   i386 the expression
+   @code
+    0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2 == 2.0
+   @endcode
+   evaluates to
+   @code
+    1.99999999999999977796 == 2.00000000000000000000
+   @endcode
+   which is false.  One solution is to compare approximately, using an epsilon
+   which says how much deviation to accept.
+
+   The most straightforward way of comparing is using an @em absolute epsilon.
+   This means comparison for equality is replaced by
+   @code
+    abs(first-second) <= epsilon
+   @endcode
+   This has a severe disadvantage: if you have an epsilon like 1e-10 but first