I can't make up my mind whether I want 'ctype' or 'field_type'

[[Imported from SVN: r9447]]

When using the classes with ADOL-C, T becomes an 'adouble',
which is a non-trivial type.  However, the convexityField
is constexpr (and with a reason -- otherwise we could write
the initialization together with the declaration), and
constexpr and non-trivial types don't work together.

[[Imported from SVN: r9444]]

[[Imported from SVN: r9397]]

And use it in the test.

This patch uses the new 'constexpr' macro.  Hence it is C++11 only.

[[Imported from SVN: r9195]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8369]]

It makes it difficult to be sure that an explicitly
requested type is really handed over to every place.

While we are at it: reverse the order of the template
parameters.  Now first comes the type, then the dimension.
This is more like FieldVector and friends, and hence
should be less confusing.

[[Imported from SVN: r8148]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8145]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8034]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7374]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7313]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7225]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7205]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7196]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7195]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7134]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7090]]

bugfix in thirdDerivativeOfDistanceSquaredWRTFirst1AndSecond2Argument.  Now it produces the same result as the fd approximation at least in for S^1

[[Imported from SVN: r7066]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7053]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7052]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7051]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7050]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7049]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7048]]

[[Imported from SVN: r7033]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6501]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6496]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6450]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6437]]

export the manifold dimension as 'dim'.  The main class template parameter had to change names for this

[[Imported from SVN: r6433]]

The first dim rows contain an orthonormal frame of the tangent space
as before.  The new rows contain an orthonormal frame of the
normal bundle.

[[Imported from SVN: r6432]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6424]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6388]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6309]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6300]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6296]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6295]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6294]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6293]]

[[Imported from SVN: r6210]]

[[Imported from SVN: r5991]]