This is needed even though we don't actually use MPI here.  Dune aborts with a
run-time error otherwise.

This are needed by the gradientflow code to implement the implicit Euler method
for an L2 gradient flow.

This is an initial version; it currently only works for a very limited set of
cases.  I tested it for triangle grids, and that works.

It is so uncompileable that I am not able to fix it quickly.  Since I don't
actually need it right now I let it wait for another day.

And make that code path work again!

This is needed for the new gradientflow application.  The standard 'distance' method
doesn't cut it, because it is not differentiable near zero.  Therefore, even the
differentiable expression 'distance*distance' will fail to be differentiable for
an automatic-differentiation system.  I think in the long run we should replace
'distance' by 'distanceSquared' everywhere it is used.

Unfortunately, this patch is hacky: it only adds the method for the double/adouble
combination.

That should work when calling the executable from 'build-cmake/src'.

This initial commit simply brings a cleaned-up version of the harmonicmaps program.
The first step will be to make it compute curve-shortening flow on the sphere.

Previously, the NonplanarCosseratShellEnergy had the normal field of the unit sphere
hard-wired in the code.  With this patch, using general triangulated surface as
reference geometries is possible.

For some reason clang doesn't like it, and we are not using OpenMP anyway.

This allows to select the energy at run-time, but this is not what we do.
It also allows to give extra parameters to the nonplanar Cosserat energy,
and that is what we need: in a subsequent patch the main program will compute
a surface normal field and pass it to the Nonplanar Cosserat energy.

I want this file with dimworld!=3 grids, even though it only makes sense
to use it if dimworld==3.

With this patch the file still does not compile.  However, the only remaining
problem is the hacky computation of the surface normals, which needs to be
rewritten in full generality soon anyway.

Here is a new program that does nothing but compute discretization errors:
that is L2 and H1 norms of differences between two functions.  The reference
function can be either discrete or given in closed form (the latter is not
enabled yet).

So far I have only used this program to measure discretization errors of
Cosserat shell models, and I did *not* get the error behavior I expected.
So either the error behavior of such shells is weird, or this new measurement
program is still buggy.

We can now completely control the approximation order by a const int,
which is much nicer.

This data is used by the compute-disc-error program to measure discretization errors.

The method using the SVD works in principle.  However, it does not play nicely
with automatic differentiation, because singular values are not always differentiable.

The method proposed by Higham to compute the polar factor, on the other hand,
is a Newton method at heart.  Therefore, it can be used together with AD without
problems.

They only make sense if the 'adouble' type is known.

I intend to move as much towards the dune-functions interface for functions,
and this is a first step.

Introduce preprocessor variable PROJECTED_INTERPOLATION to switch between geodesic FE and projection-based FE

This is a temporary solution; we need something smarter eventually.